The 2023 fiscal year will start July 1 with states well-positioned due to record fiscal year 2022 revenues and accumulated reserves, as well as federal aid. However, states should begin normalizing spending in the coming year, particularly in light of potential equity market losses, inflation-related rising costs, anticipated slower growth and the absence of new extraordinary federal stimulus. The vast majority of states have prepared to manage this transition with continued resiliency (see Exhibit 1), supporting a stable credit outlook for $375+ billion of state-issued municipal bonds.

HEALTHY BUDGETS FOR 2023

Generally, states expect balanced budgets for the fiscal year 2023, despite likely moderating economic growth. Many states are budgeting for flat to modest revenue growth, with some calling for a pullback from fiscal year 2022’s record tax collections — particularly in corporate taxes.

The National Association of State Budget Officers Annual Survey reports projected 2023 revenue growth at a median 1.4% versus 2022. This is composed of 6% growth in personal income tax, less than 1% growth in sales tax and significant weakness in corporate tax collections, down 11% with expected lower profits. States will continue to use federal pandemic aid (see Exhibit 2).

Thirty states have proposed or enacted some kind of temporary or permanent tax cut in light of record revenue collections and demand for tax relief. The most popular cuts are to income taxes, followed by sales taxes and then corporate taxes. Only four states have proposed or enacted tax increases.

The budgets show a 4% spending increase. Key drivers are raises for teachers due to pandemic related staffing shortages and higher Medicaid costs as pandemic-related federal funding rolls off. Further, many states historically plagued by chronic pension underfunding, including New Jersey and Illinois, expect to make higher pension payments. Other states with more consistent annual funding, like Tennessee, are choosing to make supplemental payments to tackle long-term underfunding.

A POTENTIALLY DIFFICULT TRANSITION ON THE HORIZON

Record reserves and unspent federal aid have made states more resilient than in the past. However, federal pandemic aid will dry up eventually. To adjust, we believe some states will need to cut spending or find alternative funding sources. These states — including California, Pennsylvania and Illinois — already tend to have above-average tax rates, making tax increases a more challenging option to generate additional revenue.

Some states will need to adjust to moderating revenue growth from lower capital gains taxes and moderating corporate profits. This is particularly true in states such as California or New York, which depend more on that kind of economically sensitive tax revenue. Further, some states with higher tax rates are seeing net out-migration from residents, which may, over the long-term, challenge their ability to maintain current levels of taxation. Migration from higher tax states to lower tax states accelerated during the pandemic, although taxes haven’t been identified as a key reason for moving.

Over the past two years, only New York, New Mexico and Washington D.C. have implemented material tax increases. Many states, including Arkansas, Colorado, Idaho, Louisiana, Montana, North Carolina and Tennessee, have decreased income taxes. Five states (Arizona, Oklahoma, Iowa, Mississippi and Georgia) are transitioning from a graduated tax rate to a lower flat tax rate.

WHAT THIS MEANS FOR MUNICIPAL BOND INVESTORS

The vast majority of states enter fiscal year 2023 stronger than before the pandemic. They are well-positioned to meet their debt obligations, building a positive foundation for state-issued municipal bonds. However, the normalization of fiscal operations may eventually create problems for some states.